Layer 2

The Base team has not yet issued a native governance token; network gas fees are paid directly in ETH. However, as the ecosystem gradually develops, the community is exploring the creation of a native asset system for Base, with B20 emerging as a new token standard of interest. B20 leverages on-chain inscriptions and a fair launch mechanism to emulate asset issuance models like Bitcoin Ordinals and BRC-20.

Base and Optimism are both Ethereum Layer 2 networks built on the OP Stack and are part of the OP Superchain ecosystem. They share a similar underlying technical architecture, including Optimistic Rollups, modular design, and Ethereum settlement mechanisms, but differ significantly in governance, tokenomics, ecosystem positioning, and development objectives. Optimism is the developer of the OP Stack and the originator of the OP Superchain, with a focus on advancing Layer 2 infrastructure and ecosystem cooperation. Base, launched by Coinbase, is more oriented toward consumer applications, payment use cases, and user growth.

Base’s application ecosystem spans multiple domains including DeFi, payments, social networks, NFTs, on-chain identity, and AI Agents, making it one of the most active Ethereum Layer 2 ecosystems today. Backed by Coinbase’s user base and low-cost trading environment, Base has attracted a substantial number of developers and application deployments, encompassing decentralized exchanges, lending protocols, stablecoin payment platforms, and emerging on-chain social products.

Base and Arbitrum are both Layer 2 networks built on Ethereum, employing Rollup technology to reduce transaction costs and enhance network performance. However, they differ in technical architecture and strategic ecosystem direction. Base is built on the OP Stack, making it a key member of the OP Superchain ecosystem, with a stronger emphasis on consumer applications, payments, and social use cases. Arbitrum, on the other hand, adopts the Nitro architecture, giving it a competitive edge in DeFi, on-chain infrastructure, and the developer ecosystem.

Base is an Ethereum Layer 2 network launched by Coinbase, built on Optimistic Rollup technology and the OP Stack architecture. It delivers low-cost, high-performance blockchain infrastructure fully compatible with the Ethereum ecosystem, serving both developers and users. By shifting transaction execution to Layer 2 while settling final data on the Ethereum mainnet, Base strikes a balance between scalability and security.

BSquared Network (B2) is a ZK Rollup scaling solution built on Bitcoin. It integrates smart contracts, DeFi, AI agents, and on-chain applications into the Bitcoin ecosystem through zero-knowledge proofs, a modular architecture, and a data availability layer. B2's core components—B² Rollup, B² Hub, Mining², and AI Signal—are designed to boost transaction throughput and application scalability while preserving Bitcoin's foundational security.

B² Rollup is a ZK Rollup execution layer built on the Bitcoin ecosystem by BSquared Network. It executes transactions off-chain, generates zero-knowledge proofs, and submits verification results to the Bitcoin network, enabling higher transaction throughput and smart contract support. The core process includes transaction submission, Sequencer ordering, zkEVM execution, Prover proof generation, data availability storage, and Bitcoin final settlement.

B² Hub is a Layer1.5 infrastructure layer built by BSquared Network, responsible for Data Availability, ecosystem coordination, and state verification support. As a key component connecting B² Rollup to the Bitcoin settlement layer, B² Hub stores transaction data, manages network signals, and provides a runtime foundation for modular applications.

BSquared Network and Stacks are both scaling solutions for the Bitcoin ecosystem, but they use fundamentally different technical approaches. BSquared Network is built on a ZK Rollup architecture, scaling via zero-knowledge proofs and final settlement on Bitcoin. Stacks, by contrast, operates an independent blockchain that connects to Bitcoin through the Proof of Transfer (PoX) mechanism. In terms of security model, BSquared follows the Rollup path—moving execution off-chain while relying on Bitcoin for final verification—whereas Stacks has its own consensus mechanism and block production process. Both support smart contract development, but they differ significantly in development environments, scaling methods, and ecosystem positioning.

BSquared Network's core products include B² Rollup, B² Hub, Mining², and AI Signal. B² Rollup handles smart contract execution and transaction processing, B² Hub delivers data availability support, Mining² bridges Bitcoin mining with on-chain finance, and AI Signal provides trusted data and interaction infrastructure for the AI Agent economy.

Openverse Network is a Layer 0 blockchain infrastructure network built on the vision of a "Value Internet (价值互联网)", designed to connect assets, identities, messages, and application data across different blockchains, enabling the free flow of value within a multi-chain ecosystem. Unlike traditional public chains that focus on developing their own ecosystems, Openverse prioritizes building a unified cross-chain infrastructure, allowing different networks to interconnect like websites on the internet.

Polygon is one of the most closely watched Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solutions. Through its low cost, high speed, and EVM-compatible architecture, it helps numerous Web3 applications improve Operar efficiency. Recently, Polygon has further reduced block times and advanced privacy stablecoin payment features, actively expanding into on-chain payments and institutional-grade financial markets.

Polygon is one of the most prominent Layer 2 scaling solutions in the Ethereum ecosystem, yet many still don't understand how it dramatically reduces transaction costs and boosts performance while maintaining full compatibility with Ethereum.

Polygon first rose to prominence for addressing Ethereum's high gas fees, but its focus has since evolved well beyond a simple Layer 2 scaling solution. Spanning DeFi, NFTs, stablecoin payments, and institutional finance, Polygon is steadily building a more comprehensive Web3 infrastructure ecosystem.

OP Stack is an open source modular blockchain development framework launched by Optimism to help developers build Ethereum compatible Layer 2 networks. By modularizing functions such as the execution layer, settlement layer, sequencing layer, and data availability layer, OP Stack lowers the barrier to developing Rollup networks and provides a unified technical standard for multi-chain coordination.